工業(yè)循環(huán)冷卻水處理阻垢劑發(fā)展現狀與趨勢分析__最新資訊_石家莊給源環(huán)?？萍加邢薰?/title> <LINK href="http://www.www.yarnsonfirst.com/css/global.css" rel=stylesheet> <LINK href="http://www.www.yarnsonfirst.com/css/css.css" rel=stylesheet>  <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> </head> <body> <a href="http://www.yarnsonfirst.com/">国产成人精品免高潮费视频频,中文字幕欧美日本亚洲,亚洲成AV人网址,精品国产高清在线拍,国产偷伦精品视频</a> <div id="pl_css_ganrao" style="display: none;"><dl id="3dvxt"><delect id="3dvxt"><delect id="3dvxt"><delect id="3dvxt"></delect></delect></delect></dl><noframes id="3dvxt"></noframes><i id="3dvxt"></i><dl id="3dvxt"></dl><dl id="3dvxt"><i id="3dvxt"></i></dl><nobr id="3dvxt"><i id="3dvxt"></i></nobr><nobr id="3dvxt"><i id="3dvxt"><meter id="3dvxt"><i id="3dvxt"></i></meter></i></nobr><video id="3dvxt"></video><dl id="3dvxt"></dl><i id="3dvxt"></i><i id="3dvxt"><nobr id="3dvxt"></nobr></i><video id="3dvxt"></video><video id="3dvxt"></video><font 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href="index.php" title="網(wǎng)站首頁(yè)">網(wǎng)站首頁(yè)</a> - 最新資訊</div> </div> <div id="pldfhzfvxp" class="pFC"> <h3>工業(yè)循環(huán)冷卻水處理阻垢劑發(fā)展現狀與趨勢分析</h3> <div id="pldfhzfvxp" class="pubDate relative"> <span id="pldfhzfvxp" class="date">2016年09月29日</span><span id="pldfhzfvxp" class="font">字體：<a href="javascript:doZoom(16)">大</a> <a href="javascript:doZoom(14)" >中</a> <a href="javascript:doZoom(12)">小</a></span> <span id="pldfhzfvxp" class="absolute baiduFx"> <div class="pldfhzfvxp" id="bdshare" class="bdshare_t bds_tools get-codes-bdshare"> <span id="pldfhzfvxp" class="bds_more">分享到：</span> <a class="bds_qzone"></a> <a class="bds_tsina"></a> <a class="bds_tqq"></a> <a class="bds_renren"></a> <a class="shareCount"></a> </div> </span> </div> <div id="pldfhzfvxp" class="text"> <div class="pldfhzfvxp" id="zoom">　　冷卻水在使用時(shí)不斷循環(huán)和濃縮，水中的礦物質(zhì)含量也會(huì )不斷增加，從而引起設備管道結垢，腐蝕。污垢的存在不但會(huì )影響傳熱效率，還會(huì )產(chǎn)生垢下腐蝕。因此，循環(huán)水中防垢十分重要。目前，在工業(yè)循環(huán)冷卻水處理過(guò)程中，大多采用投加化學(xué)藥劑的方法控制污垢的形成。一般將能夠防止水垢和污垢產(chǎn)生或者抑制其沉積生長(cháng)的化學(xué)藥劑統稱(chēng)為阻垢劑。阻垢劑在工業(yè)上常用的形式主要有阻垢緩蝕劑和阻垢分散劑兩種。阻垢緩蝕劑主要有以下類(lèi)型：無(wú)機聚合磷酸鹽，有機多元磷酸，葡萄糖酸和單寧酸等。目前循環(huán)水系統中多采用磷系配方，其中用的最多的是有機多元磷酸。阻垢分散劑主要是中，低相對分子質(zhì)量的水溶性聚合物，包括均聚物和共聚物兩大類(lèi)，其中均聚物有聚丙烯酸及其鈉鹽，水解聚馬來(lái)酸酐等，共聚物的品種較多，以丙烯酸系和馬來(lái)酸系的兩元或三元共聚物為主。<br /> 　　1、有機多元磷酸阻垢緩蝕劑<br /> 　　有機磷酸是一類(lèi)陰極型緩蝕劑，它們又是一類(lèi)非化學(xué)當量阻垢劑，具有明顯的溶限效應（ThresholdEffect）。當它們和其他水處理劑復合使用時(shí)，可表現出理想的協(xié)同效應。它們對許多金屬離子（如鈣，鎂，銅，鋅等）具有優(yōu)異的螯合能力，甚至對這些金屬的無(wú)機鹽類(lèi)如硫酸鈣，碳酸鈣，硅酸鎂等也有較好的去活化作用，因此大量應用于水處理中。目前它的品種還在不斷的發(fā)展，所以是一類(lèi)比較先進(jìn)且有發(fā)展前途的藥劑。但是磷的存在會(huì )對環(huán)境造成一定的影響。<br /> 　　1.1 亞甲基膦酸型<br /> 　　亞甲基膦酸型化合物是在水處理劑中應用較早的藥劑之一。由于它能在水中與Ca2+，Mg2+，Zn2+，Fe2+等金屬離子形成雙五元環(huán)螯合物，因此它具有較好的阻碳酸鈣垢的效果和對碳鋼的緩蝕性能。常見(jiàn)的有氨基三亞甲基膦酸（ATMP），乙二胺四亞甲基膦酸（EDTMP），二乙烯三胺五亞甲基膦酸（DETPMP），己二胺四亞甲基膦酸（HDTMP），甘氨酸二亞甲基膦酸（GDMP），甲胺二亞甲基膦酸（MADMP）。<br /> 　　1.2 同碳二膦酸型<br /> 　　同碳二膦酸型化合物中常見(jiàn)的有1-羥基亞乙基-1，1-二膦酸（HEDP）和1-氨基亞乙基-1，1-12二膦酸（AEDP）。其中HEDP是開(kāi)發(fā)較早并用于水處理中的藥劑之一。它能與金屬離子形成六元環(huán)螯合物，其抗氧化性好于亞甲基膦酸型化合物，除對碳酸鈣外，還對水合氧化鐵和磷酸鈣等水垢有較好的抑制效果。美國貝茨公司開(kāi)發(fā)的羥基亞丙基二磷酸（HPDP）是國外20世紀80年代報道的性能優(yōu)異的緩蝕阻垢劑，雖然在分子結構上只比HEDP增加了一個(gè)亞甲基，但它對Ca2+離子的控制能力卻遠遠超過(guò)HEDP，并能有效的防止冷卻水中產(chǎn)生碳酸鈣，磷酸鈣和硫酸鈣垢，這對提高冷卻水的濃縮倍數是有利的。艾仕云等對HPDP進(jìn)行了系統研究，也證明HPDP是一種有開(kāi)發(fā)和應用前途的兼具阻垢緩蝕性能的有效水質(zhì)穩定劑。<br /> 　　1.3 羧酸膦酸型<br /> 　　在一些特殊場(chǎng)合，如高硬水，高pH水，換熱表面溫度比較高等苛刻工況條件，或在高濃縮倍數下運行的冷卻水介質(zhì)中，上述幾種有機磷酸很難滿(mǎn)足工藝要求。國內外水處理公司先后開(kāi)發(fā)了更高效的羧酸膦酸型緩蝕阻垢劑，它們優(yōu)異的緩蝕阻垢性能適用于各種苛刻工藝條件下運行。其中最具代表性的產(chǎn)品2-膦?；⊥?1，2，4-三羧酸（PBTCA）和1，1-二膦酸丙酸基膦酸鈉（BPBP）。其中PBTCA是20世紀70年代初由德國的H。Geffers等首先研制并在20世紀80年代后期開(kāi)發(fā)應用的。分子中有三個(gè)羧基和一個(gè)膦?；?，具有對金屬離子較強的螯合能力，顯示出了較強的緩蝕和阻垢能力。近幾年來(lái)，華東化工學(xué)院和南京化工學(xué)院對其合成和應用進(jìn)行了系統研究，實(shí)驗表明PBTCA能耐酸，堿和氧化劑作用，在pH>14時(shí)仍不發(fā)生水解，熱穩定性好，在高硬，高堿，高溫情況下，其阻垢性能優(yōu)于HEDP，ATMP，是優(yōu)良的陰極型緩蝕劑。特別是在高劑量使用時(shí)，是一種高效緩蝕劑。<br /> 　　1.4 大分子有機磷酸<br /> 　　為增大有機磷酸類(lèi)阻垢劑的鈣離子容忍度，提高其對鐵，鋅，錳等氧化物和硅酸鹽的分散穩定作用，研究者發(fā)現當有機磷酸分子以適當的結構形式存在時(shí)，隨著(zhù)相對分子質(zhì)量的增大，藥劑在阻垢，緩蝕，復配增效等性能方面有明顯的改善。20世紀90年代開(kāi)始研制成功了相對分子質(zhì)量在數百范圍內的大分子有機磷酸，典型產(chǎn)品如多氨基多醚基亞甲基膦酸（PAPEMP），還有相對分子質(zhì)量在2000以上的膦?；人峁舱{聚物（POCA），膦?；郾┧幔≒PCA）等。由于此類(lèi)共聚物相對分子質(zhì)量較大，因此不僅保持了羧酸類(lèi)聚合物的阻垢分散性，而且提高了其緩蝕性能，兼有阻垢，分散，緩蝕和復配增效等多種功能，成為真正意義上的多功能阻垢緩蝕劑。何煥杰曾對大分子有機磷酸的研究現狀和進(jìn)展情況做過(guò)綜述。<br /> 　　2、水溶性聚合物阻垢分散劑<br /> 　　2.1 水溶性均聚物<br /> 　　阻垢性能優(yōu)越，無(wú)磷，非氮且易生物降解的水處理劑一直是研究者感興趣的方向之一，目前有工業(yè)應用報道的均聚物主要有聚環(huán)氧琥珀酸（PESA）和聚天冬氨酸（PASP）兩種產(chǎn)品。聚環(huán)氧琥珀酸（PESA）是較早開(kāi)發(fā)成功的一個(gè)"綠色"水處理劑品種。Betz實(shí)驗室于20世紀90年代初開(kāi)發(fā)出無(wú)磷，非氮的綠色阻垢劑———聚環(huán)氧琥珀酸（PESA），它的毒性小，生物降解性好，易為環(huán)境所接受。熊蓉春也曾成功制得PESA。作為阻垢劑，PESA主要用于冷卻水處理，適用于高堿，高硬，高溫條件。它與氯的相容性好，阻垢性能不受氯濃度的影響。PESA與磷酸鈉，PBTCA等多種藥劑復配使用均有較好的協(xié)同效應。在高硬度，高堿度的水質(zhì)條件下，PESA對碳酸鈣的阻垢效果優(yōu)于A(yíng)TMP和HEDP。實(shí)驗表明，相對分子質(zhì)量在400~800的PESA阻垢性能最好。Donlar公司于20世紀90年代初期生產(chǎn)和使用了聚天冬氨酸（PASP），為此榮獲了1996年度"美國總統綠色化學(xué)挑戰獎"。實(shí)驗證明聚天冬氨酸具有良好的緩蝕阻垢性能，能抑制CaCO3，CaSO4和BaSO4垢的形成，可耐高溫，熱穩定性好，可應用于高溫，高鈣水系統及反滲透膜處理系統，所以對這類(lèi)水處理劑的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)在國外已成為熱點(diǎn)。德國，美國，英國，日本，俄羅斯，法國，波蘭等國的多家公司積極研究開(kāi)發(fā)了PASP。有研究報道認為，PASP在相對分子質(zhì)量為2000~5000，使用質(zhì)量濃度為3~5mg/L時(shí)阻碳酸鈣垢性能最佳；在相對分子質(zhì)量為1000~4000，使用質(zhì)量濃度為2~3mg/L時(shí)阻硫酸鈣垢性能最佳；在相對分子質(zhì)量為3000~4000，使用質(zhì)量濃度為4~5mg/L時(shí)阻硫酸鋇垢性能最佳。<br /> 　　2.2 水溶性共聚物<br /> 　　近年來(lái)，共聚物阻垢劑一直是循環(huán)冷卻水處理藥劑研究的熱點(diǎn)。由于大多數共聚物結構中不僅含有羧基，而且含有羥基，酯基，磺酸基或膦?；扔H水性基團，因此共聚物的阻垢分散性能遠比水溶性均聚物優(yōu)異。它們的特點(diǎn)是不僅能夠抑制碳酸鈣垢，同時(shí)對磷酸鈣垢，膦酸鈣垢，氧化鐵，黏泥等也有很好的抑制分散作用。從早期的均聚物，發(fā)展到二元共聚物，三元共聚物，共聚物阻垢分散劑的品種在不斷增多。二元共聚物包括馬來(lái)酸/丙烯酸共聚物（AA-MA），丙烯酸/丙烯酸羥丙酯共聚物（AA-HPA），丙烯酸/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸共聚物（AA-AMPS），馬來(lái)酸酐/苯乙烯磺酸共聚物，丙烯酸/有機磺酸共聚物等。三元共聚物如馬來(lái)酸/丙烯酸/2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸類(lèi)三元共聚物，馬來(lái)酸/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚物，丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺/烷氧基聚乙烯丙烯酸酯等。此外，美國Rohm-Hass公司于20世紀80年代后期開(kāi)發(fā)了AA-EA-AMPS共聚物，Nalco公司開(kāi)發(fā)成功了AA-VS-VA含乙烯磺酸單體的共聚物等。國內類(lèi)似產(chǎn)品工業(yè)化應用效果亦十分顯著(zhù)。<br /> 　　3、其他幾種阻垢劑<br /> 　　在n（NaClO）：n（C6H10O5）=3:4，60°C，pH為8。5的條件下反應90min制得了氧化多糖，相對分子質(zhì)量在500～1200，羧基質(zhì)量分數為25%～42%，有很好的絡(luò )合鈣性能，阻垢率高達97%，可用作鍋爐水，循環(huán)冷卻水的阻垢劑，是一種安全無(wú)毒的水處理劑。徐麗英等用天然高分子淀粉作原料進(jìn)行化學(xué)反應降低相對分子質(zhì)量，引入羧酸等活性基團獲得了不易腐爛的水溶性氧化淀粉（OS）。實(shí)驗表明，在Ca2+質(zhì)量濃度為50～300mg/L范圍內氧化淀粉具有很好的阻垢性能，阻垢率達100%，在高溫，高鈣，高pH的條件下氧化淀粉與水解聚馬來(lái)酸酐復配使用可達到很好的阻垢效果。在工業(yè)循環(huán)冷卻水系統中，使用氧化淀粉復配藥劑，無(wú)毒，無(wú)富營(yíng)養化問(wèn)題，它排入環(huán)境易生物降解，可以減少環(huán)境污染。所以這類(lèi)產(chǎn)物有著(zhù)廣闊的應用前景和很好的社會(huì )效益。劉國華等首次將鎢酸鹽與聚天冬氨酸進(jìn)行復合，篩選出無(wú)磷鎢系水處理劑，得到的復合配方不含磷及重金屬離子，符合環(huán)境友好的要求，實(shí)驗表明其阻垢率為91.67%，緩蝕率98.71%。<br /> 　　4、結束語(yǔ)<br /> 　　由于磷的排放將引起周?chē)虻母粻I(yíng)養化，促進(jìn)菌藻的滋長(cháng)形成"赤潮"，為此歐美發(fā)達國家已分別提出禁磷限磷措施，如德國要求磷的排放≤1mg/L。中國制訂的綜合污水排放標準也對磷的排放量做了限制。從長(cháng)遠發(fā)展趨勢看，磷系水處理緩蝕劑的生產(chǎn)和應用必將受到限制。未來(lái)的阻垢劑將向著(zhù)綠色環(huán)保型方向發(fā)展，加強無(wú)磷或少磷的高效阻垢劑的研究，特別是研制能在苛刻條件下仍能發(fā)揮效能的高效阻垢劑，開(kāi)發(fā)具有阻垢和緩蝕雙重功效的產(chǎn)品有著(zhù)重大的經(jīng)濟效益和社會(huì )效益。</div> </div> <div id="pldfhzfvxp" class="fenyefh"><a href="javascript:history.go(-1);" title="返回" >[返回]</a></div> <div id="pldfhzfvxp" class="fenyeud">上一條：<a 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